Home Symptoms Live Discussion Diagnosis Treatment World-wide Support Finder Library Research Lymelinks Contact Pets & Lyme DONATIONS Drug Info Medical Dictionary Board of Directors Lyme Disease is commonly misspelled or called Lime Disease, Limes Disease, Lyme's Disease, Lymes Disease      Click on the graphic to vote for this site as a Starting Point Hot Site. -- No Warranties or Representations Lyme Disease symptoms vary from person to person. (lymes disease lyme's disease lime disease limes disease) The data and information presented in this web site are presented in good faith and believed to be accurate regarding Lyme disease (commonly misspelled lymes disease lyme's disease lime disease limes disease) and other related diseases. Any and all liability for the content or any omissions including any inaccuracies, errors, or misstatements in such data or information is expressly disclaimed. The web site is compiled for the sole purpose of informing community members of resources and information pertaining to Lyme Borreliosis Disease and its coinfections. Lyme disease symptoms may vary from person to person. The Canadian Lyme Disease Foundation, Directors and members are not liable for any direct or indirect damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information available from this website. Consult a qualified Lyme ( Borreliosis ) Disease literate doctor for medical advice if Lyme Disease is suspect to discuss your Lyme Disease Symptoms. en français For Physicians Ticks Coinfections Prevention Our Stories Click Here to order our free Lyme Disease Flyer,    Here for our free Lyme Disease Poster ..documents may be copied (to distribute) but edit only for alignment. Eur J Epidemiol. 2003;18(12):1155-8. Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from Novosibirsk region (West Siberia, Russia) based on direct PCR. Livanova NN, Morozova OV, Morozov IV, Beklemishev AB, Cabello FC, Dobrotvorsky AK. Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Novosibirsk, Russia. dob@eco.nsc.ru Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infecting Ixodes persulcatus ticks near Novosibirsk, Russia were detected using PCR with primers specific to 5S and 23S rRNA genes. Two genospecies, B. afzelii and B. garinii, were identified by the PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with Tru9-I restriction endonuclease. Comparison of the corresponding nucleotide sequences revealed considerable diversity of the 5S-23S intergenic spacer structure among B. garinii. Exp Appl Acarol. 2003;29(3-4):345-53. Evidence of Babesia microti infection in multi-infected Ixodes persulcatus ticks in Russia. Alekseev AN, Semenov AV, Dubinina HV. Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab., 1, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. devana@HD1389.spb.edu To detect Babesia-infected Ixodes persulcatus Shulze in a suburb of St. Petersburg, Russia, 738 adult ticks were studied using Babesia specific primers and PCR techniques. The entire sample (more than 1,200 individuals) was screened for the presence of Borrelia spp., Ehrlichia spp. and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). All 7 ticks infected with Babesia microti, were also infected with other pathogens (all 7 among 417 infected ticks, zero amongst the remaining 321 naive ones (chi2 = 5.25, p<0.05). Babesia microti occurred twice with Borrelia afzelii, 3 times with Borrelia garinii, once with both, and once with both B. garinii and TBEV. The prevalence of infection with Borrelia spp. was 34.0%, with Ehrlichia spp. 6.2%, with TBEV 1.5%, and with Ba. microti 0.9%. Babesia microti infection was not found in combination with Ehrlichia sp. or Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. The latter pathogen (prevalence 2.6%), just like Ba. microti, was not encountered as a monoinfection. The data suggest that Ba. microti infection can only survive in I. persulcatus in combination with Borrelia spp. (7 of 7 infections). The disease in humans is more severe and longer-lasting when more than one pathogen is involved. Our observations show that the well known St. Petersburg focus of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease is also a focus of ehrlichiosis and babesiosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2003 Oct 24;227(2):157-61. Detection and typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in Ixodes persulcatus ticks in West Siberia, Russia. Beklemishev AB, Dobrotvorsky AK, Piterina AV, Ivanov ID, Nomokonova NY, Livanova NN. Laboratory of Gene Engineering, Institute of Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 630117, Novosibirsk, Russia. The prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) genospecies in West Siberia as well as in many other regions of Russia remains insufficiently investigated. In the present study a total of 151 adult female ticks Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, collected at three localities in eastern regions of West Siberia, where Lyme disease is endemic, were examined for the presence of the spirochete B. burgdorferi s.l. by polymerase chain reaction targeting the 23S-5S rRNA intergenic spacer regions. Spirochetal DNA was detected in on average 15.2+/-3.0% of the ticks examined. The infection rate of adult ticks with B. burgdorferi s.l. at various localities ranged from 8.6+/-3.4% to 29.0+/-7.6%, being greatest in the northernmost site studied and decreasing southwards. The restriction patterns obtained after MseI digestion of the 23S-5S rRNA intergenic spacer amplicons assigned 23 DNA samples to the following genomic groups: 19 to B. garinii (12 to group NT29 and seven to group 20047(T)), three to B. afzelii, and one to mixed B. afzelii and B. garinii NT29. We have not detected other genospecies, which were found in ticks in Europe, the Russian Far East and Japan. Thus, the ticks examined were associated only with two genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. pathogenic to humans (B. garinii and B. afzelii), and B. garinii was the major genospecies infecting adult I. persulcatus in eastern regions of West Siberia. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Oct;40(10):3802-4. PCR detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in Ixodes persulcatus ticks from Western Siberia, Russia. Morozova OV, Dobrotvorsky AK, Livanova NN, Tkachev SE, Bakhvalova VN, Beklemishev AB, Cabello FC. Novosibirsk Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. PCR assays were used to test adult Ixodes persulcatus ticks from Western Siberia, Russia, for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent. Of the 150 ticks that were studied, 38% were infected with B. burgdorferi, 46% were infected with TBEV, and 8% were infected with the HGE agent. These three pathogens were distributed in the ticks independently of one another. Article complet ici : http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12354885 Med Parazitol (Mosk). 2002 Jan-Mar;(1):37-40. [Risk of human infection with Ixodes tick-borne relapsing fever in different regional subzones of the Perm region] [Article in Russian] Alypova II, Korenberg EI, Vorob'eva NN. Serological and epidemiological surveys covered 2407 persons in 20 populated localities situated in all large geographical and regional subdivisions (subzones) in the Perm Region. Indirect immunofluorescence tests revealed serum immunoglobulins to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Antibodies in 1:40 or higher dilution were found in nearly 5 to 11% of the dwellers of localities in the subzones of south taiga, coniferous broad-leaved forests, and forest steppe; about 3-7% and 1-6% of them were present in the populations of mountain and middle taigas, respectively. According to the frequency of tick suction and the proportion of an immune interlayer among the population within the Perm Region, four districts were identified by varying risks for infection (epidemic hazard) with Ixodes tick-borne relapsing fever. The populations living in the subzones of south taiga, coniferous, broad-leaved forests, and forest steppe run the greatest risk. An area at average infection risk area corresponds to the south part of a mountain taiga subzone and that at lower risk does to the south part of a middle taiga subzone. There is no possibility of relapsing fever contamination outside the area of Ixodes persulcatus ticks at all. Comparison of their own findings and official statistics has made the authors conclude that there is a great hyperdiagnosis of relapsing fever in the region in question. Med Parazitol (Mosk). 2002 Apr-Jun;(2):9-12. [Tick-borne borreliosis in the Iaroslavl region] [Article in Russian] Druzhinina TA, Iushchenko GV, Meliuk SA, Skorodumova LV, Barmotina TP, Buevich LA, Serkova EV, Gorokhov AK. The present paper characterizes a natural focus of tick-borne borreliosis in the Yaroslavl Region, analyzes the incidence of this infection in the Region, and thus concludes that the density of the population living in the areas of the natural foci of tick-borne borreliosis has a significant impact on its epidemic process. The incidence of tick-borne borreliosis in the Yaroslavl Region has remained a challenge in the past 7 years. By the number of cases, this infection heads the list of naturally focal infections recorded in the Region. Examining long-term changes in the incidence and prevalence of tick-borne borreliosis in the Region revealed its high incidence in the population residing in the tidal marshlands and forest areas. At the same time the potential activity of natural foci of borreliosis due to the conditions that maintain the population of Ixodes ticks is high in the forest-field, southern, and meadow-forest-field regions. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):459-62. Risk for human tick-borne encephalitis, borrelioses, and double infection in the pre-Ural region of Russia. Korenberg EI, Gorban LY, Kovalevskii YV, Frizen VI, Karavanov AS. Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia. We assessed the risk for human tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), ixodid tick-borne borrelioses, and double infection from 1994 to 1998 in Perm, which has among the highest rates of reported cases in Russia. We studied 3,473 unfed adult Ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from vegetation in natural foci and 62,816 ticks removed from humans. TBE virus and Borrelia may coexist in ticks. Article complet ici : http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no3/korenberg.htm Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998 Jul;64(7):2705-9. Lyme disease Borrelia species in northeastern China resemble those isolated from far eastern Russia and Japan. Li M, Masuzawa T, Takada N, Ishiguro F, Fujita H, Iwaki A, Wang H, Wang J, Kawabata M, Yanagihara Y. International Center for Medical Research, Kobe University School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan. muqingl@kobe-u.ac.jp Fifty-nine Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato culture isolates collected from northeastern China were characterized by 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Among 59 culture isolates, 30 (50.8%) were Borrelia garinii and 17 (28.8%) were Borrelia afzelii, 2 were mixtures composed of B. garinii with RFLP pattern B and B. garinii with pattern C, and 9 were mixtures composed of B. garinii and B. afzelii. One isolate, ChY13p, produced a unique pattern and was identified as B. garinii based on analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequence, flagellin PCR-RFLP typing, and MAb reactivities. No Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto or Borrelia japonica isolates were detected. The results indicate that Lyme disease Borrelia species in northeastern China resemble those of Borrelia isolates from far eastern Russia and Japan. Article complet ici : http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=9647853 Med Parazitol (Mosk). 1998 Jan-Mar;(1):52-3. [The epidemic situation of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease in the city of Tomsk] [Article in Russian] Kondrat'ev VG, Bykova LA, Poltoratskaia TN, Istratkina SV. Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis have similar principal epidemiological features chiefly associated with their basic carrier and determinants of human infection. The cases of Lyme disease, as evidenced by laboratory studies, indicate that there are active natural foci of this infection in the city, frequently combining with natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis. At the same time a great quantity of cases of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease (mixed infection) is notified in Tomsk. Klin Med (Mosk). 1991 Apr;69(4):68-70. [Polymorphism of clinical manifestations of Lyme disease] [Article in Russian] Dekonenko EP, Umanskii KG, Kuprianova LV, Rudometov IuP, Virych IE, Bagrov FI. The paper describes a clinical picture of a new transmissible disease which got widespread in the Middle zone of Russia. It is caused by a tick-borne organism pertaining to new pathogenic species of Borrelia. Early in its onset Lyme Borrelia (LB) infection presented with tick-borne erythema, followed by neurological and cardiac complications eventuating in locomotor disturbances. Altogether 118 patients at various stages of the disease were examined and treated. Wide-spectrum antibiotics proved an effective therapeutic modality in LB infection management. Med Parazitol (Mosk). 1989 Sep-Oct;(5):74-8. [Lyme disease in Khabarovsk Territory] [Article in Russian] Korenberg EI, Shcherbakov SV, Zakharycheva TA, Levin ML, Kalinin MI. The natural foci of Lyme's disease with the main vector Ix. persulcatus tick have been detected in Khabarovsk Territory. Five B. burgdorferi strains were isolated from the adult unfed ticks of this species, featuring 20% infection rate in the suburbs of Khabarovsk. A wide spread of the infection in this territory is demonstrated. The authors describe the typical pattern of early stages of serologically documented disease. TOP