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No Warranties or Representations
The data and information presented in this web site are presented in good faith and believed to be accurate. Any and all liability for the content or any omissions including any inaccuracies, errors, or misstatements in such data or information is expressly disclaimed. The web site is compiled for the sole purpose of informing community members of resources and information pertaining to Lyme Borreliosis Disease and its coinfections.
The Canadian Lyme Disease Foundation, Directors and members are not liable for any direct or indirect damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information available from this website.
Consult a qualified Lyme ( Borreliosis ) Disease literate doctor for medical advice if Lyme Disease is suspect.
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Persistent Infection/Tissue Culture research
Appel MJ, Allan S, Jacobson RH, Lauderdale TL, Chang YF et al. Experimental Lyme disease in dogs produces arthritis and persistent infection.
J Infect Dis, March 1993;167(3):651-4
Asch ES, Bujak DI, Weiss M, Peterson MGE, & Weinstein A. Lyme Disease: An Infectious and Postinfectious Syndrome. J. of Rheum 1994;21:454-461.
Barthold SW, et al. Chronic Lyme Borreliosis in the laboratory mouse. Amer J Pathol 1993;143(3):959-71
Bradley JF, Johnson RC, Goodman JL. The persistence of spirochetal nucleic acids in active Lyme arthritis. Ann Internal Med 1994;120:487-9
Cameron, Daniel. The efficacy of three antibiotics in elderly Lyme borreliosis patients: Forty patients over the age of 70 are followed for 13 months. Abstract 1993 LDF VI Annual Conference On Lyme Borreliosis, Atlantic City, NJ 1993 *
Cimmino MA, Azzolini A, Tobia F, Pesce CM. Spirochetes in the spleen of a patient with chronic Lyme disease. Amer J Clin Pathol 1989;91:95-7
Cleveland CP, Dennler PS, Durray PH. Recurrence of Lyme disease presenting as a chest wall mass: Borrelia burgdorferi was present despite five months of IV ceftriaxone 2g, and three months of oral cefixime 400 mg BID. Poster presentation LDF International Conference on Lyme Disease research, Stamford, CT, April 1992 *
Diringer MN, Halperin JJ, Dattwyler RJ. Lyme meningoencephalitis: A report of a severe, penicillin resistant Borrelia encephalitis responding to cefotaxime.
Arthritis and Rheum 1987;30:705-708
Drulle John MD. Persisting Lyme disease: Chronic infection or immune phenomena? Lecture Handout 1992 *
Dumler JS, Bakken JS. Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis in Wisconsin and Minnesota: a frequent infection with the potential for persistence. J Infect Dis, 1996;173:1027-30
Feder HM Jr., et al. The persistence of serum antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in patients treated for Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15(5):788-93
Fried Martin D, Durray P. Gastrointestinal Disease in Children with Persistent Lyme Disease: Spirochetes isolated from the G.I. tract despite antibiotic therapy. 1996 LDF Lyme Conference Boston, MA, Abstract*
Fraser DD, Kong LI, & Miller FW. Molecular detection of persistent Borrelia burgdorferi in a man with dermatomyosistis. Clin and Exp Rheum 1992;10:387-390
Georgilis K, Peacocke M, and Klempner MS. Fibroblasts protect the Lyme Disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi from ceftriaxone in vitro. J. Infect Dis 1992;166:440-444
Hassler D, Riedel K, Zorn J, and Preac-Mursic V. Pulsed high dosed cefotaxime therapy in refractory Lyme Borreliosis (Letter to Editor) Lancet 1991;338:193
Haupl TH, Krause A, Bittig M. Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in chronic Lyme Disease: altered immune regulation or evasion into immunologically privileged sites? Abstract 149 Fifth International Conference on Lyme Borreliosis, Arlington, VA, 1992 *
Haupl T, Hahn G, Rittig M, Krause A, Schoerner C, Schonnherr U, Kalden JR and Burmester GR: Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in ligamentous tissue from a patient with chronic Lyme Borreliosis. Arthritis and Rheum 1993;36:1621-1626
Keller TL, Halperin JJ, Whitman M. PCR detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of neuroborreliosis patients. Neurology 1992;43:32-42
Kersten A, Poitschek C, Rauch S, and Aberer E. Effects of penicillin, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline on morphology of Borrelia burgdorferi. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1995 May;39 (5):1127-1133
Kezler K, and Tilton RC. Persistent PCR Positivity in a patient being treated for Lyme disease. J. of Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Diseases 1995;2(3):57-58
Klade H, Aberer E. Late complaints after Erythema Migrans. J Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Dis 1994;1(2):52-56
Klempner MS, Noring R, Rogers RA. Invasion of human skin fibroblasts by the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. J Infect Dis 1993;167:1074-81
Kostis G, Peacocke M, Klempner MS. Fibroblasts protect the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, from Ceftriaxone in vitro. J Infect Dis 1992;166:440-444
Lavoie Paul E. Failure of published antibiotic regimens in Lyme borreliosis : Observations on prolonged oral therapy. Abstract presented at the 1990 Lyme Borreliosis International Conference in Sweden.*
Lavoie Paul E MD. Protocol from Rakel’s: Explains persistence of infection despite “standard” courses of antibiotics. Lyme Times-Lyme Disease Resource Center 1992;2(2): 25-27 Reprinted from Conn’s Current Therapy 1991
Lawrence C, Lipton RB, Lowy FD, and Coyle PK. Seronegative Chronic Relapsing Neuroborreliosis. European Neurology. 1995;35(2):113-117
Liegner KB. Lyme Disease: A persistent problem. A Guest editorial JAMA 31(8):1961-63
Liegner KB. Lyme disease: The sensible pursuit of answers (Commentary). J. Clin Microbiol 1993;31:1961-1963
Liegner KB. Spectrum of antibiotic-responsive meningoencephalmyelitides: A fatal case of CMEM. Poster presentation 1992 LDF Lyme Conference, Stamford, CT April 1992 *
Liegner Kenneth B MD. Chronic persistent infection and chronic persistent denial of chronic persistent infection in Lyme Disease. A position paper presented at the 6th Annual International Conference on Lyme Disease and other tick-borne illnesses, Atlantic City, NJ, May 5-6, 1993 *
Liegner, Kenneth B. Chronic Lyme disease: A costly dilemma. Abstract # P012M, Fifth International Lyme Borreliosis Research Symposia, Arlington, VA 1992 *
Liegner KB, Shapiro JR, Ramsey D, Halperin AJ, Hogrefe W, and Kong L. Recurrent erythema migrans despite extended antibiotic treatment with minocycline in a patient with persisting Borrelia burgdorferi infection. J. American Acad Dermatol 1993;28:312-314
Luft BJ, Steinman CR, Neimark HC, Muralidhar B, Rush T, Finkel MF, Kunkel M, and Dattwyler RJ. Invasion of the CNS by Bb in acute disseminated infection. JAMA 1992;267:1364-1367
Ma Y, Sturrock A, and Weis JJ. Intracellular localization of Borrelia burgdorferi within human endothelial cells. Infect Immun 1991;59:671-678
Mahmoud AAF. The challenge of intracellular pathogens (Editorial). New Engl J. Med 1992;326:761-2
MacDonald AB, Berger BW, Schwan TG. Clinical implications of delayed growth of the Lyme borreliosis spirochete. Acta Tropica 1991;48:89-94
Masters EJ, Lynxwiler P, Rawlings J. Spirochetemia after continuous high dose oral amoxicillin therapy. Infect Dis Clin Practice 1994;3:207-208
Montgomery RR, Malawista SE. Degradation of Borrelia burgdorferi within mouse macrophages: an ultrastructural study. Abstract # P037M Fifth International Lyme disease research symposia, Arlington VA 1992. *
Montgomery RR, Nathanson MH, and Malawista SE. The fate of Bb within endothelial cells. Infect Immun 1991;59:671-678
Natole J, Shindeling MM. The disabling effects of chronic Lyme disease. Lecture handout, St. Mary’s Medical Center, Saginaw Michigan. 1993
Nocton JJ, Dressler F, Ruteledge BJ, et al, Detection of Bb DNA by PCR in synovial fluid from patients with Lyme arthritis. New Engl J Med, Jan 27, 1994;330(4):229-234
Pal GS, Baker JT, Wright DJM. Penicillin resistant Borrelia encephalitis responding to cefotaxime. Lancet I (1988) 50-51
Preac-Mursic V, Wilske B, Schierz G, et al. Repeated isolation of spirochetes from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with meningoradiculitis Bannwarth’ Syndrome.
Eur J Clin Microbiol 1984;3:564-565
Preac-Mursic V, Weber K, Pfister HW, Wilske B, Gross B, Baumann A, and Prokop J. Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in antibiotically treated patients with Lyme Borreliosis Infection 1989;17:335-339
Preac-Mursic V, Wilske B, Schierz G. European Borrelia burgdorferi isolated from humans and ticks- culture conditions and antibiotic susceptibility. Abstract Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. 1986;263 Hyg A: 112-118 *
Preac-Mursic V, Wilske B, Schierz G, Holnburger M. In vitro an in vivo susceptibility of Borrelia burgdorferi. Eur J Microbiol 1987;4:424-426
Schmidli J, Hunzicker T, Moesli P, et al, Cultivation of Bb from joint fluid three months after treatment of facial palsy due to Lyme Borreliosis. J Infect Dis 1988;158:905-906
Sigal LH, Schutzer S. Possible autoimmune mechanisms in Lyme disease. Molecular and Immunologic approaches to Lyme disease. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, NY
Sigal LH. Persisting complaints attributed to chronic Lyme disease: possible mechanisms and implications for management. American J Med April 1994;96:365-374
Stanek G, Klein J, Bittner R, Glogar D. Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from the myocardium of a patient with long-standing cardiomyopathy.
New Engl J Med 1990;322:249-252
Vartiovaara I. Living With Lyme. Lancet 1995;345:842-845
Waniek C, Prohocnik I, Haufman MA. Rapid progressive frontal type dementia and subcortical degeneration associated with Lyme disease. Poster presentation and abstract presented at the 1993 LDF State of the Art Research Symposia on Lyme Disease, Stanford, CT, April 1993 (212) 960-5872 - NY State Psychiatric Institute *
Weigelt W. et al. Sequence homology between spirochete flagellin and human myelin basic protein. [Letter] Immunology Today, July 1992;13(7):279-80
Winters HA, Notar FV, Bromberg K et al. Gastric Syphilis: five recent cases and a review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:314-319
Wokke JHJ, vanGijn J, Eldersom A, Stanek G. Chronic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi infection of the central nervous system. Neurology 1987;37:1031-1034
Wormser Gary P, et al. Use of a Novel Technique of Cutaneous Lavage for the Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. JAMA September 1992;9:1311-13
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