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Lyme Disease symptoms vary from person to person. (lymes disease lyme's disease lime disease limes disease)
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Discovery of diverse Borrelia burgdorferi strains in a
bird-tick cryptic cycle
Sarah A. Hamer, Graham J. Hickling, Jennifer L. Sidge,
Michelle E. Rosen, Edward D. Walker, and Jean I. Tsao
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, published online
ahead of print: 21 January 2011.
Abstract:
The blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis is the primary vector
of the most prevalent vector-borne zoonosis in North
America, Lyme disease (LD). Enzootic maintenance of the
pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi by I. scapularis and small
mammals is well-documented, whereas its 'cryptic'
maintenance by other specialist ticks and wildlife hosts
remains largely unexplored because these ticks rarely bite
humans.
We quantified B. burgdorferi infection in a cryptic
bird-rabbit-tick cycle. Furthermore, we explored the role of
birds in maintaining and moving B. burgdorferi strains by
comparing their genetic diversity in this cryptic cycle to
that found in cycles vectored by I. scapularis. We examined
birds, rabbits, and small mammals for ticks and infection
over a four-year period at a focal site in Michigan, 90-km
east of a zone of I. scapularis invasion. We mist netted
19,631 birds that yielded 12,301 ticks, of which 86% were I.
dentatus, a bird-rabbit specialist. No resident wildlife
harbored I. scapularis, yet 3.5% of bird-derived ticks, 3.6%
of rabbit-derived ticks, and 20% of rabbit ear biopsies were
infected with B. burgdorferi.
We identified 25 closely related B. burgdorferi strains
using an rRNA gene intergenic spacer marker, the majority
(68%) of which had not been reported previously. The
presence of strains common to both cryptic and endemic
cycles strongly implies bird-mediated dispersal. Given
continued large-scale expansion of I. scapularis
populations, we predict that its invasion into zones of
cryptic transmission will allow for bridging of novel
pathogen strains to humans and animals.
For full artile http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/77/6/1999
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