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1: J Med Entomol. 2005 May;42(3):388-96.
Erratum in:
J Med Entomol. 2005 Jul;42(4):iv.
Western gray squirrel (Rodentia: Sciuridae): a primary reservoir host of
Borrelia burgdorferi in Californian oak woodlands?
Lane RS, Mun J, Eisen RJ, Eisen L.
Division of Insect Biology, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and
Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
blane@nature.berkeley.edu
In California, dense woodlands have been recognized as important biotopes
where humans are exposed to the nymphal stage of the western blacklegged
tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls, the primary vector of the Lyme
disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), in the
far-western United States. To identify the principal reservoir host(s) of
this spirochete, and of closely related spirochetes in the B. burgdorferi
sensu lato (s.l.) complex, in dense woodlands in Mendocino County,
California, approximately 50 species of birds and mammals, including wood
rats and kangaroo rats, were evaluated as potential hosts for vector ticks
and borreliae in 2002 and 2003.
Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and
sequencing analyses revealed that many vertebrate species had been exposed
to one or more members of the B. burgdorferi s.l. spirochetal complex, only
the western gray squirrel, Sciurus griseus, fulfilled the major criteria for
a reservoir host of B. burgdorferi s.s.
Ear-punch biopsies from eight of 10
squirrels collected from five separate woodlands were PCR-positive for B.
burgdorferi s.s., 47% of I. pacificus larvae (n = 64) and 31% of nymphs (n =
49) removed from squirrels contained B. burgdorferi s.l., and the
engorgement status of I. pacificus larvae was associated positively with
acquisition of spirochetes.
Overall, 83 and 100% of the amplicons sequenced
from PCR-positive I. pacificus larvae and nymphs, respectively, were
identified as B. burgdorferi s.s, Among the five remaining positive I.
pacificus larvae, three contained B. bissettii and two had uncharacterized
B. burgdorferi s.l. Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. was detected in one of five
larvae and zero of two nymphs of the Pacific Coast tick, Dermacentor
occidentalis Marx, that likewise had been removed from squirrels.
The
rickettsial agent of human anaplasmosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, was
detected in the blood or ear biopsies of two squirrels and in one (1.6%) of
64 I. pacificus larvae and two (4.1%) of 49 nymphs obtained from squirrels.
The one rickettsial-positive larva was coinfected with B. burgdorferi s.s.
The apparently high reservoir potential of S. griseus for B. burgdorferi
s.s., plus the fact that the geographic distribution of this squirrel
coincides well with that of most reported human cases of Lyme disease in
this region, indicated that it may be essential for maintaining foci of B.
burgdorferi s.s. in certain types of woodlands. The findings with respect to
A. phagocytophilum, although of less certain significance, suggest that S.
griseus could serve as a secondary host of this rickettsia
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